The Six Stages of a Paradigm Shift — How the Field Arrived at Transformative Language Learning and Teaching (TLLT)
Paradigm shifts in language teaching rarely arrive with fanfare. They unfold slowly, unevenly, and often invisibly, as teachers and researchers begin to sense that the explanations they have relied on no longer account for what they see in their classrooms. The movement from communicative and transactional approaches to Transformative Language Learning and Teaching (TLLT) has followed this same long arc. In fact, the profession has passed through six distinct stages on its way to recognizing transformation as a legitimate, even necessary, framework for language education. The first stage is the stage of discomfort. Communicative Language Teaching had been enormously successful in its time, liberating classrooms from grammar‑translation and audiolingual drills and giving learners the freedom to speak, interact, and negotiate meaning. Yet over time, teachers began noticing that something was not quite right. Students plateaued at intermediate levels. They could perform tasks but no...